A right triangle has legs with lengths of
24 centimeters and 21 centimeters. If the length of
this triangle’s hypotenuse, in centimeters, can be
written in the form $3\sqrt{d}$, where d is an integer, what
is the value of d ?

Two data sets of 23 integers each are summarized in
the histograms shown. For each of the histograms,
the first interval represents the frequency of integers
greater than or equal to 10, but less than 20. The
second interval represents the frequency of integers
greater than or equal to 20, but less than 30, and so
on. What is the smallest possible difference between
the mean of data set A and the mean of data set B?

In triangles ABC and DEF, angles B and E each
have measure 27° and angles C and F each have
measure 41°. Which additional piece of information
is sufficient to determine whether triangle ABC is
congruent to triangle DEF ?

$y= 4x + 1$
$4y=15x − 8$
The solution to the given system of equations is
(x, y). What is the value of x − y ?

What is the area, in square centimeters, of a rectangle
with a length of 34 centimeters (cm) and a width of
29 cm?

Line p is defined by $2y + 18x = 9$. Line r is
perpendicular to line p in the xy-plane. What is the
slope of line r ?

Which expression is equivalent to

$\frac{8x(x-7)-3(x-7)}{2x-14}$ where x>7

The function f is defined by $f (x)=4x$. For what
value of x does f (x)=8 ?

Which of the following equations represents a circle
in the xy-plane that intersects the y-axis at exactly
one point?

A certain park has an area of 11,863,808 square
yards. What is the area, in square miles, of this park?
(1 mile = 1,760 yards)

$5x^2 + 10x + 16 = 0$
How many distinct real solutions does the given
equation have?

What is $10\%$ of  $470?$

\begin{equation} \label{eq:poly}
4x + 6 = 18
\end{equation}
Which equation has the same solution as the given
equation?

The total cost, in dollars, to rent a surfboard consists
of a $25 service fee and a $10 per hour rental fee. A
person rents a surfboard for t hours and intends to
spend a maximum of $75 to rent the surfboard.
Which inequality represents this situation?

The function g is defined by $g(x)=x^2+9$. For
which value of x is $g(x) = 25 ?$

Each face of a fair 14-sided die is labeled with a
number from 1 through 14, with a different number
appearing on each face. If the die is rolled one time,
what is the probability of rolling a 2?

A printer produces posters at a constant rate of
42 posters per minute. At what rate, in posters
per hour, does the printer produce the posters?

The function f is defined by the equation

$f(x)=7x+2$. what is the value of $f(x)$ when $x=4$

A teacher is creating an assignment worth 70 points.
The assignment will consist of questions worth
1 point and questions worth 3 points. Which
equation represents this situation, where x represents
the number of 1-point questions and y represents the
number of 3-point questions?

Right triangles LMN and PQR are similar, where L
and M correspond to P and Q, respectively. Angle M
has a measure of  53°. What is the measure of
angle Q ?

$y =-3x$
$4x +y  = 15$

The solution to the given system of equations
is $(x, y)$. What is the value of x ?

Which of the following equations is the most
appropriate linear model for the data shown in the
scatterplot?

The graph of $y=f(x)$ is shown where the function $f$ is defined by $f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d$ and $a,b,c$ and $d$ are constant . for how many values of  $x$ does $f(x)=0$ ?

Vivian bought party hats and cupcakes for $71. Each
package of party hats cost $3, and each cupcake cost
$1. If Vivian bought 10 packages of party hats, how
many cupcakes did she buy?

$z^2+10z-24=0$

What is one of the solutions to the given equation?

Bacteria are growing in a liquid growth medium.
There were 300,000 cells per milliliter during an
initial observation. The number of cells per milliliter
doubles every 3 hours. How many cells per milliliter
will there be 15 hours after the initial observation?

which expression is equivalent to   $6x^8y^2+12^2y^2$?

The graph of $x^2 + x + y^2 + y = \frac{199}{2}$
in the xy-plane
is a circle. What is the length of the circle’s radius?

Poll Results

The table shows the results of a poll. A total of
803 voters selected at random were asked which
candidate they would vote for in the upcoming
election. According to the poll, if 6,424 people vote in
the election, by how many votes would Angel Cruz
be expected to win?

Which expression is equivalent to

$\frac{y+12}{x-8}+frac{y(x-8)}{x^2y-8xy}$

The rational function f is defined by an equation in
the form $f(x) =\frac{a}{x + b}$
, where a and b are constants.
The partial graph of y = f(x ) is shown. If
g(x)= f (x + 4), which equation could define
function g

$\frac{3}{2}y-\frac{1}{4}x=\frac{2}{3}-\frac{3}{2}y$

$\frac{1}{2}y+\frac{3}{2}x=py+\frac{9}{2}$
In the given system of equations, p is a constant. If
the system has no solution, what is the value of p ?

$−9x^2 + 30x + c = 0$
In the given equation, c is a constant. The equation
has exactly one solution. What is the value of c ?

An isosceles right triangle has a perimeter of
$94 + 94\sqrt{2}$ inches. What is the length, in inches, of
one leg of this triangle?

The dot plots represent the distributions of values in
data sets A and B.

Which of the following statements must be true?
I. The median of data set A is equal to the
median of data set B.
II. The standard deviation of data set A
is equal to the standard deviation of
data set B.

$x^2 − 2x − 9 = 0$
One solution to the given equation can be written
as $1+\sqrt{k}$ , where k is a constant. What is the value
of k ?

Two variables, x and y, are related such that for
each increase of 1 in the value of x, the value of y
increases by a factor of 4. When x = 0, y = 200.
Which equation represents this relationship?

The graph of 9x − 10y = 19 is translated down
4 units in the xy-plane. What is the x-coordinate of
the x-intercept of the resulting graph?

Data set A consists of the heights of 75 buildings and
has a mean of 32 meters. Data set B consists of the
heights of 50 buildings and has a mean of 62 meters.
Data set C consists of the heights of the 125 buildings
from data sets A and B. What is the mean, in meters,
of data set C?

The minimum value of x is 12 less than 6 times
another number n. Which inequality shows the
possible values of x ?

The function f is defined by $f(x) =8 \sqrt{x}$. For what
value of x does f(x) = 48 ?

The scatterplot shows the relationship between
two variables, x and y. A line of best fit is also
shown.

Which of the following equations best represents the
line of best fit shown?

A bus is traveling at a constant speed along a straight
portion of road. The equation d = 30t gives the
distance d, in feet from a road marker, that the bus
will be t seconds after passing the marker. How
many feet from the marker will the bus be 2 seconds
after passing the marker?

Which expression is equivalent to
20w − (4w + 3w) ?

$\sqrt{(x-2)^2}=\sqrt{3x+34}$

What is the smallest solution to the given equation?

$y ≤ x +7$
$y ≥ −2x −1$
Which point (x, y) is a solution to the given system
of inequalities in the xy-plane?

The product of two positive integers is 546. If the
first integer is 11 greater than twice the second
integer, what is the smaller of the two integers?

Triangle FGH is similar to triangle JKL, where
angle F corresponds to angle J and angles G and K
are right angles. If $sin(F)=\frac{308}{317}
, what is the value of sin ( J ) ?

14j + 5k = m
The given equation relates the numbers j, k, and m.
Which equation correctly expresses k in terms of j
and m ?

A candle is made of 17 ounces of wax. When the
candle is burning, the amount of wax in the candle
decreases by 1 ounce every 4 hours. If 6 ounces of
wax remain in this candle, for how many hours has it
been burning?

The function f is defined by
$f (x ) = (x − 6)(x − 2)(x + 6)$. In the xy-plane, the
graph of $y = g(x)$ isthe result of translating the
graph of $y = f(x)$ up 4 units. What is the value
of g(0) ?

The function $f(t) = 60,000(2)^\frac{t}{410}$
gives the number
of bacteria in a population t minutes after an initial
observation. How much time, in minutes, does it
take for the number of bacteria in the population to
double?

Square X has a side length of 12 centimeters. The
perimeter of square Y is 2 times the perimeter of
square X. What is the length, in centimeters, of
one side of square Y?

In the linear function h, $h(0)=41$ and $h(1)=40$.
Which equation defines h ?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: • In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor
escaped slavery and fled to Union-army-occupied
St. Simons Island off the Georgia coast. • She began working for an all-Black army regiment
as a nurse and teacher. • In 1902, she published a book about the time she
spent with the regiment. • Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be
published by a Black woman. • It is still available to readers in print and online.
The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of
Taylor’s accomplishment. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: • Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter. • He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plantanimal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal
paintings. • “Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and
“fauna.” • His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves
for feathers. • His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard
whose fur sprouts flowers.
The student wants to provide an explanation and
example of “flauna.” Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: • The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan. • It connects the island of Honshu to the island of
Hokkaido. • It is roughly 33 miles long. • The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe. • It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles,
France. • It is about 31 miles long.
The student wants to compare the lengths of the two
rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

Before California’s 1911 election to approve a
proposition granting women the right to vote,
activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause
of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman’s Suffrage
Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. _______ in
Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran
one of California’s largest grocery store firms,
distributed Votes for Women Tea.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in
what must have seemed like the ideal city for a
young artist: Paris. She was studying firsthand the
color-saturated style of France’s modernist masters
and beginning to make a name for herself as a
painter. _______ Sher-Gil longed to return to her
childhood home of India; only there, she believed,
could her art truly flourish.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the
tips of the hairs on a spider’s leg. These spatulae
temporarily bond with the atoms of whatever they
touch. _______ spiders are able to cling to and climb
almost any surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

Stomata, tiny pore structures in a leaf that absorb
gases needed for plant growth, open when guard cells
surrounding each pore swell with water. In a pivotal
2007 article, plant cell _______ showed that lipid
molecules called phosphatidylinositol phosphates are
responsible for signaling guard cells to open stomata.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, _______ they are made from nonrenewable
petroleum, and most do not biodegrade in landfills.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In order to prevent nonnative fish species from
moving freely between the Mediterranean and Red
Seas, marine biologist Bella Galil has proposed that a
saline lock system be installed along the Suez Canal
in Egypt’s Great Bitter Lakes. The lock would
increase the salinity of the lakes and _______ a
natural barrier of water most marine creatures would
be unable to cross.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

The first computerized spreadsheet, Dan Bricklin’s
VisiCalc, improved financial recordkeeping not only
by providing users with an easy means of adjusting
data in spreadsheets but also by automatically
updating all calculations that were dependent on
these _______ to VisiCalc’s release, changing a paper
spreadsheet often required redoing the entire sheet
by hand, a process that could take days.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In his 1963 exhibition Exposition of Music—Electronic Television, Korean American artist
Nam June Paik showed how television images could
be manipulated to express an artist’s perspective.
Today, Paik _______ considered the first video artist.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Lucía Michel of the University of Chile observed that
alkaline soils contain an insoluble form of iron that
blueberry plants cannot absorb, thus inhibiting
blueberry growth. If these plants were grown in
alkaline soil alongside grasses that aid in iron
solubilization, _______ Michel was determined to
find out.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In winter, the diets of Japanese macaques, also
known as snow monkeys, are influenced more
by food availability than by food preference.
Although the monkeys prefer to eat vegetation and
land-dwelling invertebrates, those food sources may
become unavailable because of extensive snow and
ice cover, _______ the monkeys to hunt for marine
animals in any streams that have not frozen over.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

The Alvarez theory, developed in 1980 by physicist
Luis Walter Alvarez and his geologist son Walter
Alvarez, maintained that the secondary effects of an
asteroid impact caused many dinosaurs and other
animals to die _______ it left unexplored the
question of whether unrelated volcanic activity might
have also contributed to the mass extinctions.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

When writing The Other Black Girl (2021), novelist
Zakiya Dalila Harris drew on her own experiences
working at a publishing office. The award-winning
book is Harris’s first novel, but her writing _______ honored before. At the age of twelve, she entered a
contest to have a story published in American Girl
magazine—and won.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Birds of many species ingest foods containing
carotenoids, pigmented molecules that are converted
into feather coloration. Coloration tends to be
especially saturated in male birds’ feathers, and
because carotenoids also confer health benefits,
the deeply saturated colors generally serve to
communicate what is known as an honest signal of
a bird’s overall fitness to potential mates. However,
ornithologist Allison J. Shultz and others have found
that males in several species of the tanager genus
Ramphocelus use microstructures in their feathers to
manipulate light, creating the appearance of deeper
saturation without the birds necessarily having to
maintain a carotenoid-rich diet. These findings
suggest that _______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Although military veterans make up a small
proportion of the total population of the
United States, they occupy a significantly higher
proportion of the jobs in the civilian government.
One possible explanation for this disproportionate
representation is that military service familiarizes
people with certain organizational structures that are
also reflected in the civilian government bureaucracy,
and this familiarity thus _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Many archaeologists will tell you that categorizing
excavated fragments of pottery by style, period,
and what objects they belong to relies not only on
standard criteria, but also on instinct developed
over years of practice. In a recent study, however,
researchers trained a deep-learning computer model
on thousands of images of pottery fragments and
found that it could categorize them as accurately as a
team of expert archaeologists. Some archaeologists
have expressed concern that they might be replaced
by such computer models, but the researchers claim
that outcome is highly unlikely.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support
the researchers’ claim?

Employment by Sector in France and the United States, 1800–2012
(% of total employment)

Rows in table may not add up to 100 due to rounding.

Over the past two hundred years, the percentage of the population
employed in the agricultural sector has declined in both France and the
United States, while employment in the service sector (which includes
jobs in retail, consulting, real estate, etc.) has risen. However, this
transition happened at very different rates in the two countries. This
can be seen most clearly by comparing the employment by sector in
both countries in _______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
statement?

Psychologists Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt
have argued that experiencing awe—a sensation of
reverence and wonder typically brought on by
perceiving something grand or powerful—can enable
us to feel more connected to others and thereby
inspire us to act more altruistically. Keltner, along
with Paul K. Piff, Pia Dietze, and colleagues, claims
to have found evidence for this effect in a recent
study where participants were asked to either gaze up
at exceptionally tall trees in a nearby grove (reported
to be a universally awe-inspiring experience) or stare
at the exterior of a nearby, nondescript building.
After one minute, an experimenter deliberately
spilled a box of pens nearby.
Which finding from the researchers’ study, if true,
would most strongly support their claim?

The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll’s
1889 satirical novel Sylvie and Bruno. A crowd has
gathered outside a room belonging to the Warden,
an official who reports to the Lord Chancellor.

One man, who was more excited than the rest,
flung his hat high into the air, and shouted (as
well as I could make out) “Who roar for the
Sub-Warden?” Everybody roared, but whether it
was for the Sub-Warden, or not, did not clearly
appear: some were shouting “Bread!” and some
“Taxes!”, but no one seemed to know what it was
they really wanted.
All this I saw from the open window of the
Warden’s breakfast-saloon, looking across the
shoulder of the Lord Chancellor.
“What can it all mean?” he kept repeating to
himself. “I never heard such shouting
before—and at this time of the morning, too!
And with such unanimity!”

Based on the text, how does the Lord Chancellor
respond to the crowd?

O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the
novel, Cather portrays Alexandra Bergson as having
a deep emotional connection to her natural
surroundings: _______ Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively
illustrates the claim?

During a 2014 archaeological dig in Spain,
Vicente Lull and his team uncovered the skeleton of
a woman from El Algar, an Early Bronze Age society,
buried with valuable objects signaling a high position
of power. This finding may persuade researchers who
have argued that Bronze Age societies were ruled by
men to ______ that women may have also held
leadership roles.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

The Cambrian explosion gets its name from the
sudden appearance and rapid diversification of
animal remains in the fossil record about 541 million
years ago, during the Cambrian period. Some
scientists argue that this ______ change in the fossil
record might be because of a shift in many organisms
to body types that were more likely to be preserved.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

Due to their often strange images, highly
experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter,
many of John Ashbery’s poems can be quite difficult
to ______ and thus are the object of heated debate
among scholars.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

As Mexico’s first president from an Indigenous
community, Benito Juarez became one of the most
______ figures in his country’s history: among the
many significant accomplishments of his long tenure
in office (1858–1872), Juarez consolidated the
authority of the national government and advanced
the rights of Indigenous peoples.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

Within baleen whale species, some individuals
develop an accessory spleen—a seemingly
functionless formation of splenetic tissue outside
the normal spleen. Given the formation’s greater
prevalence among whales known to make deeper
dives, some researchers hypothesize that its role isn’t
______; rather, the accessory spleen may actively
support diving mechanisms.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

According to a US tax policy expert, state taxes are
______ other factors when considering an interstate
move. Even significant differences in state taxation
have almost no effect on most people’s decisions,
while differences in employment opportunities,
housing availability, and climate are strong
influences.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase

The following text is adapted from Indian Boyhood,
a 1902 memoir by Ohiyesa (Charles A. Eastman), a
Santee Dakota writer. In the text, Ohiyesa recalls how
the women in his tribe harvested maple syrup during
his childhood.
Now the women began to test the trees—moving
leisurely among them, axe in hand, and striking
a single quick blow, to see if the sap would
appear. The trees, like people, have their
individual characters; some were ready to yield
up their life-blood, while others were more
reluctant. Now one of the birchen basins was set
under each tree, and a hardwood chip driven
deep into the cut which the axe had made. From
the corners of this chip—at first drop by drop,
then more freely—the sap trickled into the little
dishes.
Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

Text 1
Ecologists have long wondered how thousands of
microscopic phytoplankton species can live together
near ocean surfaces competing for the same
resources. According to conventional wisdom, one
species should emerge after outcompeting the rest.
So why do so many species remain? Ecologists’ many
efforts to explain this phenomenon still haven’t
uncovered a satisfactory explanation.
Text 2
Ecologist Michael Behrenfeld and colleagues have
connected phytoplankton’s diversity to their
microscopic size. Because these organisms are so
tiny, they are spaced relatively far apart from each
other in ocean water and, moreover, experience that
water as a relatively dense substance. This in turn
makes it hard for them to move around and interact
with one another. Therefore, says Behrenfeld’s team,
direct competition among phytoplankton probably
happens much less than previously thought.
Based on the texts, how would Behrenfeld and
colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the
“conventional wisdom” discussed in Text 1?

In 2014, Amelia Quon and her team at NASA set out
to build a helicopter capable of flying on Mars.
Because Mars’s atmosphere is only one percent as
dense as Earth’s, the air of Mars would not provide
enough resistance to the rotating blades of a standard
helicopter for the aircraft to stay aloft. For five years,
Quon’s team tested designs in a lab that mimicked
Mars’s atmospheric conditions. The craft the team
ultimately designed can fly on Mars because its
blades are longer and rotate faster than those of a
helicopter of the same size built for Earth.
According to the text, why would a helicopter built
for Earth be unable to fly on Mars?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: • African American women played prominent roles
in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the
famous 1963 March on Washington. • Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the
march’s organizers, was a political adviser who
had worked for President Truman. • Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known
journalist and advocate for school desegregation. • Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make
sure a woman was included in the lineup of
speakers at the march. • Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a
brief but memorable address to the cheering
crowd.
The student wants to compare the two women’s
contributions to the March on Washington. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: • Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed
millions of years ago. • In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
analyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones located
in the Sahara Desert. • She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to
juvenile or adult pterosaurs. • She used advanced microscope techniques to
determine that the bones had few growth lines
relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs. • She concluded that the bones belonged to
juveniles.
The student wants to present the study and its
findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía
Santamaría, and Marco Tullney report that while
mathematicians may have traditionally worked
alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite
direction. _______ mathematicians are choosing to
collaborate with their peers—a trend illustrated by a
rise in the number of mathematics publications
credited to multiple authors.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía
Santamaría, and Marco Tullney report that while
mathematicians may have traditionally worked
alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite
direction. _______ mathematicians are choosing to
collaborate with their peers—a trend illustrated by a
rise in the number of mathematics publications
credited to multiple authors.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

At two weeks old, the time their critical socialization
period begins, wolves can smell but cannot yet see or
hear. Domesticated dogs, _______ can see, hear, and
smell by the end of two weeks. This relative lack of
sensory input may help explain why wolves behave
so differently around humans than dogs do: from a
very young age, wolves are more wary and less
exploratory.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

Although novels and poems are considered distinct
literary forms, many authors have created hybrid
works that incorporate elements of both. Bernardine
Evaristo’s The Emperor's Babe, _______ is a verse
novel, a book-length narrative complete with
characters and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp
lines of poetry rather than prose.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?

In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit to rule
after falling gravely ill. As a result, Parliament
appointed Richard, Third Duke of York, who had a
strong claim to the English throne, to rule as Lord
Protector. Upon recovering two years later, _______ forcing an angered Richard from the royal court and
precipitating a series of battles later known as the
Wars of the Roses.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

The classic children’s board game Chutes and
Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game,
Paramapada Sopanapata. In both games, players
encounter “good” or “bad” spaces while traveling
along a path; landing on one of the good spaces _______ a player to skip ahead and arrive closer to
the end goal.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In 1943, in the midst of World War II, mathematics
professor Grace Hopper was recruited by the
US military to help the war effort by solving complex
equations. Hopper’s subsequent career would involve
more than just _______ as a pioneering computer
programmer, Hopper would help usher in the digital
age.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Scientists believe that, unlike most other species of
barnacle, turtle barnacles (Chelonibia testudinari)
can dissolve the cement-like secretions they use to
attach _______ to a sea turtle shell, enabling the
barnacles to move short distances across the shell’s
surface.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In 1937, Chinese American screen actor Anna May
Wong, who had portrayed numerous villains and
secondary characters but never a heroine, finally got
a starring role in Paramount Pictures’ Daughter of
Shanghai, a film that _______ “expanded the range
of possibilities for Asian images on screen.”
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick
won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper
announcing the double helix structure of DNA, but it
is misleading to say that Watson and Crick
discovered the double helix. _______ findings were
based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers,
“Photo 51,” developed by X-ray crystallographer
Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student
Raymond Gosling.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In ancient Greece, an Epicurean was a follower of
Epicurus, a philosopher whose beliefs revolved
around the pursuit of pleasure. Epicurus defined
pleasure as “the absence of pain in the body and of
trouble in the _______ that all life’s virtues derived
from this absence.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Compiled in the late 1500s largely through the
efforts of Indigenous scribes, Cantares Mexicanos is
the most important collection of poetry in Classical
Nahuatl, the principal language of the Aztec Empire.
The poems portray Aztec society before the
occupation of the empire by the army of Spain, and
marginal notes in Cantares Mexicanos indicate that
much of the collection’s content predates the initial
invasion. Nonetheless, some of the poems contain
inarguable references to beliefs and customs
common in Spain during this era. Thus, some
scholars have concluded that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?

Among social animals that care for their young,
such as chickens, macaque monkeys, and humans,
newborns appear to show an innate attraction to
faces and face-like stimuli. Elisabetta Versace and
her colleagues used an image of three black dots
arranged in the shape of eyes and a nose or mouth
to test whether this trait also occurs in Testudo
tortoises, which live alone and do not engage in
parental care. They found that tortoise hatchlings
showed a significant preference for the image,
suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?

Scholars have noted that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s writings
were likely influenced in part by his marriage to
Zelda Fitzgerald, but many don’t recognize Zelda as a
writer in her own right. Indeed, Zelda authored
several works herself, such as the novel Save Me the
Waltz and numerous short stories. Thus, those who
primarily view Zelda as an inspiration for F. Scott’s
writings ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?

To survive when water is scarce, embryos
inside African turquoise killifish eggs ______ a
dormant state known as diapause. In this state,
embryonic development is paused for as long as two
years—longer than the life span of an adult killifish.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Formed in 1967 to foster political and economic
stability within the Asia-Pacific region, the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations was
originally made up of five members: Thailand, the
Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. By
the end of the 1990s, the organization ______ its
initial membership.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

Inventor John Friedman created a prototype of the
first flexible straw by inserting a screw into a paper
straw and, using dental floss, binding the straw
tightly around the ______ When the floss and screw
were removed, the resulting corrugations in the
paper allowed the straw to bend easily over the edge
of a glass.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In her analysis of Edith Wharton’s The House of
Mirth (1905), scholar Candace Waid observes that
the novel depicts the upper classes of New York
society as “consumed by the appetite of a soulless
______ an apt assessment given that The House of
Mirth is set during the Gilded Age, a period marked
by rapid industrialization, economic greed, and
widening wealth disparities.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In Death Valley National Park’s Racetrack Playa, a
flat, dry lakebed, are 162 rocks—some weighing less
than a pound but others almost 700 pounds—that
move periodically from place to place, seemingly of
their own volition. Racetrack-like trails in the ______
mysterious migration.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

In crafting her fantasy fiction, Nigerian-born British
author Helen Oyeyemi has drawn inspiration from
the classic nineteenth-century fairy tales of the
Brothers Grimm. Her 2014 novel Boy, Snow, Bird,
for instance, is a complex retelling of the story of
Snow White, while her 2019 novel ______ offers a
delicious twist on the classic tale of Hansel and
Gretel.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes:
• NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with
wheels, to explore the surface of Mars.
• NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible
to wheeled vehicles.
• Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to
land on the planet’s surface.
• Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as
50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually
anywhere on the surface of Mars.
• Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative
to rovers.
The student wants to explain an advantage of
microprobes. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes:
• Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel
Prize in Literature.
• Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and
currently lives in the United Kingdom.
• Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994
book Paradise for praise.
• Paradise is a historical novel about events that
occurred in colonial East Africa.
The student wants to introduce Paradise to an
audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes:
• Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
• The city’s population is 907,802.
• Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s
population.
• Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
• The city’s population is 7,781,631.
• Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of
Vietnam’s population.
Which choice most effectively uses information from
the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of
the two capitals’ populations?

The Mule Bone, a 1930 play written by Zora Neale
Hurston and Langston Hughes, is perhaps the
best-known of the few examples of ______ in
literature. Most writers prefer working alone, and
given that working together cost Hurston and
Hughes their friendship, it is not hard to see why.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

The process of mechanically recycling plastics
is often considered ______ because of the
environmental impact and the loss of material
quality that often occurs. But chemist Takunda
Chazovachii has helped develop a cleaner process of
chemical recycling that converts superabsorbent
polymers from diapers into a desirable reusable
adhesive.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

Interruptions in the supply chain for microchips
used in personal electronics have challenged an
economist’s assertion that retailers can expect robust
growth in sales of those devices in the coming
months. The delays are unlikely to ______ her
projection entirely but will almost certainly extend
its time frame.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

For her 2021 art installation Anthem, Wu Tsang
joined forces with singer and composer Beverly
Glenn-Copeland to produce a piece that critics
found truly ______: they praised Tsang for
creatively transforming a museum rotunda into a
dynamic exhibit by projecting filmed images of
Glenn-Copeland onto a massive 84-foot curtain and
filling the space with the sounds of his and other
voices singing.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

Some scientists have suggested that mammals in the
Mesozoic era were not a very ______ group, but
paleontologist Zhe-Xi Luo’s research suggests that
early mammals living in the shadow of dinosaurs
weren’t all ground-dwelling insectivores. Fossils of
various plant-eating mammals have been found in
China, including species like Vilevolodon diplomylos,
which Luo says could glide like a flying squirrel.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is adapted from Gwendolyn
Bennett’s 1926 poem “Street Lamps in Early Spring.”
Night wears a garment
All velvet soft, all violet blue...
And over her face she draws a veil
As shimmering fine as floating dew...
And here and there
In the black of her hair
The subtle hands of Night
Move slowly with their gem-starred light.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of
the text?

According to historian Vicki L. Ruiz, Mexican
American women made crucial contributions to the
labor movement during World War II. At the time,
food processing companies entered into contracts to
supply United States armed forces with canned
goods. Increased production quotas conferred
greater bargaining power on the companies’
employees, many of whom were Mexican American
women: employees insisted on more favorable
benefits, and employers, who were anxious to fulfill
the contracts, complied. Thus, labor activism became
a platform for Mexican American women to assert
their agency.
Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?